Study Guide for Final

Moles and Molar Mass

• Understand what “a mole” is and what it represents.

•  Know how to calculate the number of moles of a sample if you’re given the mass of the sample

• Know how to find the molar mass of a compound

Balancing Equations

•  Be able to balance equations using counting technique to balance both the reactants and the products in the reaction.

Thermodynamics

• Know what energy is and what it allows us to do

•  know the difference between potential and kinetic energy

• be able to explain what the law of conservation of energy states

•  understand how the energy of a system  is lost through heat

•  understand the difference between heat, temperature and thermal energy

•  Know how thermal energy is transferred between objects that are different temperatures

•  Know the difference between endothermic and exothermic processes

          o Be able to identify whether the process being described is endothermic or exothermic

• know how to use the formula Q =  mC∆T

Solutions

• Know what a solution is

• Be able to explain difference between solvent and solute

•  Know what a homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures are

• Know what it means for a solute dissolve in a solution

• Know difference between saturated, unsaturated, supersaturated

• Know difference between concentrated and dilute

•  Know how pressure, surface area, temperature and stirring affect how solutes dissolve and the rate at which they dissolve

• Know the differences in the formulas for molarity and dilution.

• Know what molarity represents in a solution. Understand difference between high molarity and low.

• Explain what it means to dilute a solution

                o Be able to draw a picture to show the difference

               o Be able to explain what happens on a molecular level

              o You can find the difference on google if you’ve forgot

               o Be able to read a question and know what formula applies in that case.

            o Also be able to calculate how much water needs to be added to reach a new molarity

Acids and Bases

•  Know definition of acid and base

•  Be able to explain why H+ is a proton

• Know that each acid has a conjugate base and how to determine its formula
•  Know that each base has a conjugate acid and how to determine its formula
• Understand how a strong acid differs from a weak acid

Organic Chemistry

• What is a hydrocarbon
• know what is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon
• difference between an alkane, alkene and alkyne
•  know the formulas to figure out the chemical formula for alkanes, alkenes and alkynes
•  know how to draw structures for alkanes, alkenes and alkynes which correct branch and numbers of the carbon positions
•  Know how to name molecules with Alkyl groups 
• know the properties of a protein, structures of a protein, and the monomer that makes proteins 
• know the properties of carbohydrates and the building blocks of carbohydrates
• know what the building blocks of nucleic acids
•  know the bases for DNA and RNA
• know the properties of lipids and the types of lipids such as fats, steroids, waxes and cholesterol

Reaction Rates and Equilibrium

• Know what “rate” means and how it relates to chemical reactions

•  Know that the number of reactions depends on the number of collisions between the molecules AND the amount of energy the molecules collide with

•  Know the difference between a chemical reaction that is reversible and one that isn’t

• Know what “chemical equilibrium”

•  Know what happens to the concentration of the reactants and products when chemical equilibrium is reached
• Know how to solve for the equilibrium constant

o Understand that to make a conjugate base you take away a H+

o Understand that to make a conjugate acid you add a H+

o Know the 5 ways to increase the rate of a reaction