Study Guide for Final

Spring 2016 Study Guide for Final

Topics to be covered:

·         Conservation of Mass

·         Moles, Molar Mass, and Molecules

·         Nuclear Processes/Radioactivity

·         Thermodynamics and Energy

Vocabulary

Law of conservation of mass

Reactants

Products

Moles

Molar mass

Nuclear fusion vs. fission

Isotopes

Alpha decay

Beta decay

Gamma ray decay

Penetrating power

Half-life

Greenhouse gases

Climate change

Atomic number

Atomic mass

Thermal energy

Heat flow

Temperature

Exothermic

Endothermic

Specific Heat

Law of conservation of energy

Know how to do the following:

Moles and Conservation of mass

·         Convert grams of molecules to number of moles (and the reverse) and molecules

·         Understand what Avogadro’s number represents

·         Molar mass of molecules and what they represent

·         Relationship between average atomic mass and number of moles

Nuclear Chemistry

·         Calculating how much of sample is left in half-life questions

·         Calculating how long a sample has been decaying for based on how much of an element has decayed/remains

·         Identifying missing elements in nuclear decay equations

·         Comparison of penetrating power of each type of decay

·         Writing down alpha and beta decay reactions of nuclear active elements

·         Problems of fossil fuels vs. nuclear power plants

·         Pros and cons of nuclear power plants

·         Compare fusion vs. fission reactions for amount of energy released

Thermodynamics

·         Modeling of molecular movements of gas, liquid and solid

·         Difference between solid, liquid and gas in terms of energy and shape

·         Modeling of heat flow and molecular movements depending on temperature

·         Examples of endothermic and exothermic reactions

·         Units of specific heat equation and each symbol

·         Calculating heat, specific heat, grams or change in temperature using Q = s ∙m∙DT

·         Identifying elements from the specific heat values

·         Effects of greenhouse gases/types of greenhouse gases

Study Guide for Energy Test

--Be able to explain what heat is and be able to draw a model that show the heat flow between two objects.
--Be able to explain what temperature measures and be able to draw a model
--Know how to use the formula Q=s x m x delta (triangle) T and know what each of the letters represents and MEANS
--Know what exothermic and endothermic mean and be able to distinguish in a reaction which is exo or endo by how the particles are moving (for example--melting--from solid to liquid--particles are speeding up thus need to gain energy--so it is endothermic)
--Be able to model an exothermic and endothermic reactions
--Know what the greenhouse effect is and how it works heating up the earth
--Know what are the greenhouse gases
--Know what the different types of fossil fuels are--petroleum, coal and natural gas and where they come from
--Know what are alternative energy sources such as solar, wind, nuclear

Study Guide for Chapter 19 Test

--Be able to explain what is an isotope and how they are different
--Be able to write and balance nuclear equations for alpha and beta particles
--Know what makes up a beta particle, alpha particle and gamma ray radiation
--Understand radiocarbon dating and how to tell the difference between age of samples and what it is used for
--How to calculate the half-life from the amount of sample left or how much time has passed, how to calculate how much sample is left
--Be able to explain what the half-life tells you about a nuclide
--Be able to explain the difference between fusion and fission
--Know how fission reactions and fusion reactions produce energy
--Know the parts of the nuclear reactor and their function
--Know how the different types of radiation (beta, alpha & gamma) ray differ in amount of energy and penetrating ability
--Know the symbols for gamma, alpha and beta

Study Guide for Chpt 6 Test

Chapter 6 Test Study Guide

--atomic mass--know what it represents average mass of all isotopes
--know how to convert from amu to atom and atom to amu
--remember set up of     what you know from question x what you are looking for/what you need to get rid of
--know what a mole represents and always represents is 6 x 10(23) units of atoms or molecules (Avogadro's number)
--know that to convert grams to moles then moles to atoms
--remember there is no conversion between atoms to grams, keep it simple
--know how to calculate molar mass and that the chemical formula tells you the number of moles of that atom
--remember that the periodic table shows the amu for 1 atom OR the grams for 1 mole of the element
--know how to calculate the mass percent of an element after working out the molar mass of a compound
--know what the law of conservation of mass tells you that matter cannot be created nor destroyed
--keep in mind the laboratories activities as they could be used for your test as well

Chapter 17 Test Study Guide

Study Guide for Chapter 17 Tet for 12/11

--Understand that reactions occur because of collisions between molecules
--Know how reaction rates are affected by surface area, temperature and concentration
--Know how a catalyst affects a reaction and its activation energy
--Know the difference between a heterogeneous and a homogeneous reaction
--Know how to write the equilibrium expression (K) for homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions
--Understand why solids and liquids in an equilibrium expression have a value of 1
--Know how to calculate and equilibrium expression when numerical values are given
--Know how conditions affect the equilibrium of a reaction such as adding or removing reactants and products, adding or removing energy
--Know the difference between an exothermic and endothermic reaction
--Know how volume affects the gas in equilibrium, if volume decreases the amount of molecules has to decrease and if volume increases, the molecules would increase

Study Guide for Final

Chemistry Final Study Guide—Fall 2015

Chapter 1:

--Know the steps of the scientific method

            --understand what happens in step

--Be able to explain what a hypothesis is

Chapter 2:

--Know the difference between an element and a compound

            --Such as hydrogen is element, water is a compound made up of hydrogen & oxygen

--Know the three states of matter and what makes them different

--Know the difference between a physical & chemical change

            --Be able to identify the signs of a chemical change (such as smoke, color change, precipitate, and so on)

--Know what a mixture is made up of.

            --Know the difference between a homogeneous & heterogeneous mixture (how they look different).

Chapter 3:

--Know how to locate elements on the period table.

            --Know where the different type of elements are located such as metals, nonmetals and metalloids

--Know how to identify their mass number, atomic number, chemical symbol, # of protons, electrons, and neutrons

--Know where each subatomic part (protons, neutrons, or electrons) are located in the atom and what the charge (+, -, or no charge)  of each is.

--Understand how to figure out how many of each element in a formula such as Ca(NO₃)₂ has how many Ca, N & O atoms

--Know what the mass number and atomic number tell you about an atom.

--Know the groups of the periodic table such as noble gases, alkali metals.

            --Know the charge of the ion that they will make because of their valence electrons (such as F—halogens—has 1- charge, 7 valence electrons.

--Know the properties of metals, nonmetals and metalloids (shiny/dull, ductile, malleable, conduct electricity, magnetism, react with acids)

--Know how to find the formula for a compound by knowing what ion they form such as magnesium (2+) and phosphorus (3-) will form Mg₃P₂

Chapter 5:

--Know how to change a large and small number to scientific notation (such as 1,708,000 becomes 1.708 x 10⁶ and .000067 becomes 6.7 x 10^-5

--Know how to change a number in scientific notation to a normal number

--Know how to convert metric units using KHDUDCM (King Henry Doesn’t Usually Drink Chocolate Milk)

--Know how density is calculated and how to compare objects of different densities and whether they will float or sink

Chapter 7:

--Know the clues of a chemical reaction

--Know that a chemical reaction cannot usually be reversed

--Know how to balance a chemical equation

--Know how to write a chemical equation from words (such as liquid water combines with oxygen gas—H₂O (l) + O₂ (g)

--Know where the reactants and products are located in a chemical equation

Chapter 12:

--Know the difference between an ionic & covalent bond based on what occurs with the valence electrons

--Know how to read the electronegativity of atoms on the periodic table

--Know the shape of polar covalent, nonpolar covalent and ionic bonds.

            --Be able to show if there are + or – charges on the model

--Know the properties of ionic compounds (such as high melting point, conduct electricity, usually solid) from covalent compounds (low melting point, often liquid and gas, do not conduct electricity well)

Chapter 17:

--Know how reaction rates are affected by surface area, temperature & concentration. (will it slow up or down?)

--Know what the role of a catalyst is in a reaction in regards to activation energy and how it affects the reaction rate.

--Be able to tell a heterogeneous & homogeneous reactions apart.

--Be able to write the equilibrium expression (K) for homogeneous & heterogeneous reactions (make sure you know why hetero are different)

--Know how a reaction will shift to products or reactants due to a change in concentration, volume, and temperature

--Be able to solve for K when values are given for reactants & products in a homogeneous reaction.

Study Guide for Final

Chemistry Final Study Guide—Fall 2015

Chapter 1:

--Know the steps of the scientific method

            --understand what happens in step

--Be able to explain what a hypothesis is

Chapter 2:

--Know the difference between an element and a compound

            --Such as hydrogen is element, water is a compound made up of hydrogen & oxygen

--Know the three states of matter and what makes them different

--Know the difference between a physical & chemical change

            --Be able to identify the signs of a chemical change (such as smoke, color change, precipitate, and so on)

--Know what a mixture is made up of.

            --Know the difference between a homogeneous & heterogeneous mixture (how they look different).

Chapter 3:

--Know how to locate elements on the period table.

            --Know where the different type of elements are located such as metals, nonmetals and metalloids

--Know how to identify their mass number, atomic number, chemical symbol, # of protons, electrons, and neutrons

--Know where each subatomic part (protons, neutrons, or electrons) are located in the atom and what the charge (+, -, or no charge)  of each is.

--Understand how to figure out how many of each element in a formula such as Ca(NO₃)₂ has how many Ca, N & O atoms

--Know what the mass number and atomic number tell you about an atom.

--Know the groups of the periodic table such as noble gases, alkali metals.

            --Know the charge of the ion that they will make because of their valence electrons (such as F—halogens—has 1- charge, 7 valence electrons.

--Know the properties of metals, nonmetals and metalloids (shiny/dull, ductile, malleable, conduct electricity, magnetism, react with acids)

--Know how to find the formula for a compound by knowing what ion they form such as magnesium (2+) and phosphorus (3-) will form Mg₃P₂

Chapter 5:

--Know how to change a large and small number to scientific notation (such as 1,708,000 becomes 1.708 x 10⁶ and .000067 becomes 6.7 x 10^-5

--Know how to change a number in scientific notation to a normal number

--Know how to convert metric units using KHDUDCM (King Henry Doesn’t Usually Drink Chocolate Milk)

--Know how density is calculated and how to compare objects of different densities and whether they will float or sink

Chapter 7:

--Know the clues of a chemical reaction

--Know that a chemical reaction cannot usually be reversed

--Know how to balance a chemical equation

--Know how to write a chemical equation from words (such as liquid water combines with oxygen gas—H₂O (l) + O₂ (g)

--Know where the reactants and products are located in a chemical equation

Chapter 12:

--Know the difference between an ionic & covalent bond based on what occurs with the valence electrons

--Know how to read the electronegativity of atoms on the periodic table

--Know the shape of polar covalent, nonpolar covalent and ionic bonds.

            --Be able to show if there are + or – charges on the model

--Know the properties of ionic compounds (such as high melting point, conduct electricity, usually solid) from covalent compounds (low melting point, often liquid and gas, do not conduct electricity well)

Chapter 17:

--Know how reaction rates are affected by surface area, temperature & concentration. (will it slow up or down?)

--Know what the role of a catalyst is in a reaction in regards to activation energy and how it affects the reaction rate.

--Be able to tell a heterogeneous & homogeneous reactions apart.

--Be able to write the equilibrium expression (K) for homogeneous & heterogeneous reactions (make sure you know why hetero are different)

--Know how a reaction will shift to products or reactants due to a change in concentration, volume, and temperature

--Be able to solve for K when values are given for reactants & products in a homogeneous reaction.

Practice Test for Final

Here is the link for the website that contains the practice test for the final. 

http://quizstar.4teachers.org/indexs.jsp

After you click on the link, click on register and make an account.  Make sure to put your correct name so I can monitor the tests.  After you register, search for a new class.  Search for West Adams Chemistry Final Review as an exact match.  That will allow you to register for the test, so click and register to take the test. Then go to your classes to take the practice test, you can take it a maximum of 10 times.

Chapter 3, 7 & 12 Test Study Guide

Chapter 3:
--Know how to make the formula for a chemical compound when you have the ions for the elements

Chapter 7:
--Know the signs of a chemical change
--Know the difference between a physical and a chemical change
--Know examples of a physical change and chemical change
--Know how to balance an equation by changing the co-efficients
--Know what the co-efficient and subscript represent in an equation
--Know how to write a chemical equation when given the words for the names of the compound and elements

Chapter 12:
--Know how to determine how many electrons an atom must gain or lose to form an ion with noble gas electron configuration
--Know the difference between a covalent and ionic bond
--Know how to draw the molecule for a polar covalent, nonpolar covalent and ionic bond
--Know which parts of the molecule are positive and negative charged
--Know the difference between a polar covalent and nonpolar covalent bond
--Know the differences in electronegativities between metal and nonmetal elements

Study Guide for Chapter 2 & 3 Test

Chapter 2:
--Be able to explain what is an element, compound, and mixture is and what is the difference between them
--Be able to identify an element, compound or mixture based on what they are composed of
--Know the difference between a heterogeneous and homogeneous mixture and be able to identify each
--Be able to explain how to separate a mixture such as we did in class

Chapter 3: 
--Identify elements on the periodic table and give their protons, electrons, neutrons, atomic number and atomic mass, group #, period #, family name, what elements are similar and be able to draw a model of an atom
--Be able to count the number of atoms of each element in a compound such as Ca(NO3)2
--Know all the different groups of the periodic table
--Know the parts of the atoms and their properties such as mass, charge and location
--Be able to explain which elements on the periodic table are similar
--Use the periodic table to identify elements and their properties and groups
--Know which direction are groups and periods and what they represent

Study Guide for test 9/11

Study Guide for Chapter 5 Test (I can't make exponents on this program!)

1) Be able to turn a number from a "regular" number to scientific notation
--such as 1,020,000 = 1.02 x 10(exponent of 6)
--such as 0.0000506 = 5.06 x 10 (exponent of -5)
2) Turn a scientific notation into a "regular" number
--such as 7.94 x 10(exponent -7) = 0.000000794
--such as 2.78 x 10 (exponent 5) = 27800
3) Know how to convert between metric units
--such as 2.5 kg to g (KHDUDCM) move three spaces to the right, move decimal same = 2500 g
4) Know the formula for Density = mass/volume and how to use it
--know that grams or kilograms is mass
--know that cubic centimeters or milliliters is volume
--remember that density always requires two units such as g/mL or g/cm3 
--know how to find the volume of a regular object such as a cube
--know how to find the volume of an irregular object such as a pencil

Study Guide for Final

Moles and Molar Mass

• Understand what “a mole” is and what it represents.

•  Know how to calculate the number of moles of a sample if you’re given the mass of the sample

• Know how to find the molar mass of a compound

Balancing Equations

•  Be able to balance equations using counting technique to balance both the reactants and the products in the reaction.

Thermodynamics

• Know what energy is and what it allows us to do

•  know the difference between potential and kinetic energy

• be able to explain what the law of conservation of energy states

•  understand how the energy of a system  is lost through heat

•  understand the difference between heat, temperature and thermal energy

•  Know how thermal energy is transferred between objects that are different temperatures

•  Know the difference between endothermic and exothermic processes

          o Be able to identify whether the process being described is endothermic or exothermic

• know how to use the formula Q =  mC∆T

Solutions

• Know what a solution is

• Be able to explain difference between solvent and solute

•  Know what a homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures are

• Know what it means for a solute dissolve in a solution

• Know difference between saturated, unsaturated, supersaturated

• Know difference between concentrated and dilute

•  Know how pressure, surface area, temperature and stirring affect how solutes dissolve and the rate at which they dissolve

• Know the differences in the formulas for molarity and dilution.

• Know what molarity represents in a solution. Understand difference between high molarity and low.

• Explain what it means to dilute a solution

                o Be able to draw a picture to show the difference

               o Be able to explain what happens on a molecular level

              o You can find the difference on google if you’ve forgot

               o Be able to read a question and know what formula applies in that case.

            o Also be able to calculate how much water needs to be added to reach a new molarity

Acids and Bases

•  Know definition of acid and base

•  Be able to explain why H+ is a proton

• Know that each acid has a conjugate base and how to determine its formula
•  Know that each base has a conjugate acid and how to determine its formula
• Understand how a strong acid differs from a weak acid

Organic Chemistry

• What is a hydrocarbon
• know what is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon
• difference between an alkane, alkene and alkyne
•  know the formulas to figure out the chemical formula for alkanes, alkenes and alkynes
•  know how to draw structures for alkanes, alkenes and alkynes which correct branch and numbers of the carbon positions
•  Know how to name molecules with Alkyl groups 
• know the properties of a protein, structures of a protein, and the monomer that makes proteins 
• know the properties of carbohydrates and the building blocks of carbohydrates
• know what the building blocks of nucleic acids
•  know the bases for DNA and RNA
• know the properties of lipids and the types of lipids such as fats, steroids, waxes and cholesterol

Reaction Rates and Equilibrium

• Know what “rate” means and how it relates to chemical reactions

•  Know that the number of reactions depends on the number of collisions between the molecules AND the amount of energy the molecules collide with

•  Know the difference between a chemical reaction that is reversible and one that isn’t

• Know what “chemical equilibrium”

•  Know what happens to the concentration of the reactants and products when chemical equilibrium is reached
• Know how to solve for the equilibrium constant

o Understand that to make a conjugate base you take away a H+

o Understand that to make a conjugate acid you add a H+

o Know the 5 ways to increase the rate of a reaction

Chapter 17 Study Guide

--be able to explain how collision model tells how chemical reactions occur
--know what activation energy and how it affects chemical reactions
--be able to explain and graph the activation energy
--be able to explain what effect a catalyst has on activation energy
--be able to show how a reaction is endothermic or exothermic on a graph
--know the difference between a homogeneous and a heterogeneous reaction
--be able to write an equilibrium constant (K)
--know what states of matter are included in (and what are not!) equilibrium constant
--be able to calculate equilibrium constant from data given
--know what effect change of volume has on gases in a reaction
--know how a change in temperature, concentration of reactants and products will have on a reaction

pg. 633 practice test
1. D  2. C  3. A  7. 0.25M

Start studying for final...

These chapters will be on the final exam:

Chapter 10: Energy
Chapter 15: Solutions
Chapter 16: Acids + Bases
Chapter 17: Equilibrium
Chapter 20: Organic Chemistry
Chapter 21: Biochemistry

Study Guide for Chapter 20 & 21 Test on Monday 5/4

Chapter 20:
--what is a hydrocarbon
--know what is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon
--difference between an alkane, alkene and alkyne
--know the formulas to figure out the chemical formula for alkanes, alkenes and alkynes
--know how to draw structures for alkanes, alkenes and alkkynes which correct branch and numbers of the carbon positions

pg. 749 test practice
1. C  2. B  3. D  4. C  6. B

Chapter 21:
--know what are the six essential elements to the human body and what are the 30 elements necessary for human life
--know the properties of a protein
--know the difference between a fibrous protein and a globular protein
--know the structures of a protein and the building blocks that create these structures
--know about how peptide bonds link the amino acids together
--know the two secondary structures that proteins can form
--know what denaturation of a protein is and what causes it
--know what an enzyme is and its function
 --know what the lock and key model for enzymes is and what is explains about the enzymes
--know the properties of carbohydrates
--know what are the building blocks of carbohydrates
--know the forms of carbohydrates such as starch and cellulose
--know what the building blocks of nucleic acids
--know the bases for DNA and RNA
--know the properties of lipids and the types of lipids such as fats, steroids, waxes and cholesterol

pg. 781 test practice
1. A  2. B  3.  C   5. D   6. A  8. adenine complements thymine, cytosine complements guanine

Study Guide for Chapter 15 & 16 Test

Chapter 15

• Know what a solution is
• Be able to explain difference between solvent and solute
• Know what a homogeneous and heterogenous mixtures are
• Know what an aqueous solution is and what is in it
• Explain that polar dissolves with polar and what does not dissolve with polar
• Know whether water is polar or nonpolar
• Know what it means for a solute dissolve in a solution
• Know difference between saturated, unsaturated, supersaturated
• Know difference between concentrated and dilute
• Know the three factors that affect how solutes dissolve and explain how it affects it to make it dissolve faster
• Know the differences in the formulas for: mass percentage, molarity and dilution. Be able to read a question and know what formula applies in that case.
•  Know what molarity represents in a solution. Understand difference between high molarity and low.
• Explain how to dilute a solution you need to add water and be able to calculate how much water needs to be added.
• Be able to explain the affect of salt on water's freezing and boiling point

 pg. 559 Answers
#2=C   #3=D   #4=C   #5=B  #6=A  #7=D   #11--written answer

Chapter 16

• Know definition of acid and base
• Be able to explain why H+ is a proton
• Know that each acid has a conjugate base and how to determine its formula
• Know that each base has a conjugate acid and how to determine its formula
• Understand that to make a conjugate base you take away a H+, but to make a conjugate acid you add a H+
• Understand how a strong acid differs from a weak acid

pg. 593 Answers
#1=B   #2=C   #9=weak acid   #10=strong acid

After School Tutoring Review Chapter 13

If you received less than a C on the Chapter 13 test, there will be a review on Thursday, March 19th to review the concepts and receive extra credit. Tutoring will last approximately one hour. 

Study Guide for Chapter 13 Test

Chapter 13 test on Friday, February 27th:
--Bring a calculator! Bring your cheat sheet!

Answers to practice questions on pg. 485
1. D  2.  C   3.  B  5.  A  7. B  8. A  9. D  10. A 
--Know what a barometer is, what it measures and how it works
--Know how to convert from one unit of pressure from another, including torr, atm, mm Hg, and psi.
    --Make sure to have all the conversions on your cheat sheet
    --Remember the three steps: what do you know, what do you want to know, what do you want to get rid of
    --Remember that mm Hg and torr are equivalent
    --Remember when doing conversions to start with your money (atm) and then convert to other units
--Boyle's Law
   --Know the formula for Boyle's law and how to use it
   --Know that it is an inverse relationship, if pressure goes up the volume will go down and opposite as well
   --Understand how it affects objects in real life such as at the top of a mountain or under water
--Charles' Law
   --Know the formula and how to use it
   --Know that is it a direct relationship. If the temperature goes up, so does the volume.
   --Understand how it affects objects in real life such as when heat is added
--Avogadro's Law
   --Know the formula and how to use it
   --Know that it is a direct relationship. If the moles go up, so does the volume.
--Ideal Gas Law
   --Know the formula and what each letter stands for
   --Make sure you have the constant (R) on your cheat sheet
   --Make sure to remember that the units have to be atm, moles, Kelvin, and liters. If not YOU MUST convert to correct units
   --Know how to change the Ideal Gas Law if the conditions for the gases change in order to compare a gas before and after the conditions change